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Hydraulic pressure-limiting valves are key components in hydraulic systems. Their primary function is to ensure that system pressure does not exceed the set value, thereby preventing component damage and system failure. Under high pressure, high flow, and complex operating conditions, the flow characteristics of the pressure-limiting valve directly determine the stability and safety of the system. However, conventional pressure-limiting valves commonly suffer from dynamic response lag, pressure fluctuations, and significant energy loss. Therefore, in-depth research on their flow characteristics and the development of optimized design methods are of great engineering significance.

Mechanically, the flow characteristics of a pressure-limiting valve are primarily reflected in the coupling effect between the throttling process at the valve orifice and the movement of the valve core. When hydraulic oil flows through the valve orifice, local throttling causes a pressure differential, which pushes the valve core to displace, thereby achieving relief and pressure limiting functions. During this process, the oil's compressibility, valve orifice geometry, spring stiffness, and damping orifice design all influence the valve's opening characteristics and stability. Improper valve orifice geometry can easily lead to a large pressure surge during the initial opening phase, while inappropriate spring parameter selection can cause system oscillation or even instability.

In terms of analytical methods, a comprehensive research framework has gradually emerged in recent years: mathematical modeling, simulation, and experimental verification. By establishing the valve core dynamics equation and the flow continuity equation, the static and dynamic characteristic curves of the pressure-limiting valve can be obtained. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods enable detailed simulation of the flow field within the valve orifice, revealing the distribution patterns of vortices, cavitation, and pressure pulsation. Combined with finite element analysis, it is also possible to predict the deformation of the valve body structure under high pressure, providing a basis for design.

To address existing issues, optimization design approaches primarily include the following aspects: First, improving the valve orifice structure. Using a tapered or compound curved orifice can mitigate flow velocity gradients, reducing localized impact and noise. Second, optimizing spring and damping parameters. Properly matching spring preload and stiffness, and designing appropriate damping channels, can help improve valve opening stability. Third, new materials and surface treatments are also becoming research hotspots. Using high-damping alloys or coatings can improve valve core movement stability and wear resistance. Finally, intelligent control is increasingly being applied to pressure-limiting valves. Through electro-hydraulic proportional control or closed-loop feedback, real-time pressure regulation and optimized flow characteristics can be achieved.

In summary, the flow characteristic analysis and optimal design of hydraulic pressure-limiting valves is a comprehensive research endeavor spanning fluid mechanics, mechanical design, and control engineering. Future development trends should combine structural optimization with intelligent control to achieve highly responsive, low-energy, and highly reliable hydraulic pressure-limiting valves, providing more stable and secure hydraulic support for applications in engineering machinery, automotive, aerospace, and other fields.