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Injection pressure
High load conditions: For diesel engines that often run at high loads and high speeds, such as engines of large trucks and construction machinery, injectors that can provide higher injection pressures should be selected. For example, Bosch's CRIN 2 series injectors have a maximum injection pressure of more than 200MPa, which can fully atomize the fuel at high loads, achieve good oil-gas mixing, and reduce carbon smoke emissions.

Low load conditions: For engines that are often in low load and frequently start-stop conditions, such as city buses, injectors with variable injection pressure functions can be selected. At low loads, the injector can automatically reduce the injection pressure to avoid excessive atomization of the fuel due to excessive pressure, resulting in excessive combustion temperatures and increased nitrogen oxide emissions. For example, Delphi's Multec DCR injector can stabilize the injection pressure between 100 and 150MPa at low loads through precise pressure control, effectively reducing emissions.

Injection timing
Fixed injection timing: For some diesel engines with relatively stable working conditions, such as engines for agricultural irrigation, injectors with fixed injection timing can be selected. This type of injector has a simple structure and low cost. As long as the injection timing is accurately set according to the rated working conditions of the engine, it can ensure good combustion effect and reduce emissions under normal operating conditions. For example, the ECD-U2 injector of Denso can achieve a good level of emissions for agricultural engines when the fixed injection timing is set reasonably.

Variable injection timing: For engines with complex working conditions and frequent changes in load and speed, such as diesel engines of cars and light trucks, injectors with variable injection timing are a better choice. It can accurately adjust the injection timing through the electronic control unit (ECU) according to the real-time working conditions of the engine. For example, Continental's injectors use advanced electronic control technology, which can flexibly adjust the injection timing under different working conditions, effectively reducing nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions.

Spray characteristics
Spray cone angle: The shape of the combustion chamber and the movement of the airflow will affect the selection of the spray cone angle. For engines with shallow basin combustion chambers, it is advisable to use injectors with larger spray cone angles, such as injectors with cone angles of 120° - 150°, which can make the fuel cover the combustion chamber space better, achieve uniform combustion, and reduce unburned hydrocarbon and particulate matter emissions. For engines with deep ω-shaped combustion chambers, injectors with smaller spray cone angles (such as 70° - 90°) are more suitable, which can avoid fuel spraying onto the combustion chamber wall, reduce oil dilution and carbon smoke generation.

Oil mist particle distribution: The ideal oil mist particle distribution should be that there are more fine particles near the injector outlet to facilitate the rapid formation of combustible mixture, achieve premixed combustion, and reduce nitrogen oxide emissions; there should be a proper amount of coarse particles far away from the injector outlet to extend the combustion duration, improve combustion efficiency, and reduce particulate matter emissions. Some high-end injectors can achieve a relatively ideal distribution of oil mist particles through special nozzle design and internal flow channel optimization. For example, Siemens VDO's injectors use a unique multi-hole nozzle structure to accurately control the size and distribution of oil mist particles.

Flow characteristics
Injection rate: Injectors with high injection rates are suitable for engines that require fast combustion and high power output, such as racing engines. It can inject a large amount of fuel in a short period of time, so that combustion proceeds quickly, improves the power performance of the engine, and reduces emissions by optimizing the combustion process. For civilian diesel engines that focus on fuel economy and low emissions, injectors with moderate injection rates are usually used, which can not only ensure combustion efficiency, but also avoid incomplete combustion and increased emissions due to excessive injection rates. For example, the injectors used in Isuzu's 4JJ1 engine achieve lower emissions and better fuel economy while meeting power requirements by reasonably controlling the injection rate.

Injection rules: Common injection rules include boot type, triangle, etc. The initial injection rate of the boot-type injection law is low, which can reduce the heat release in the premixed combustion stage and reduce nitrogen oxide emissions; the injection rate gradually increases in the middle and late stages, which can ensure the full combustion of the fuel and reduce particulate matter emissions. The triangular injection law is suitable for engines with high requirements for power performance. Its initial and late injection rates are high, which can quickly release energy and improve the engine's torque and power, but it needs to be combined with other technologies to control emissions. For example, MAN's D2676 engine uses a boot-type injection law injector, which effectively reduces emissions while ensuring the reliability and durability of the engine.

Matching with the engine
Brand and model: Give priority to injectors that match the engine brand and model. Engine manufacturers usually design and optimize the matching of injectors for their products to ensure that the injectors are optimally matched with the engine's intake system, combustion chamber structure, piston movement, etc. For example, Cummins engines are generally equipped with injectors produced by Cummins itself or strictly matched and tested to ensure that the engine's performance and emissions are optimal.
Installation size and connection method: The installation size and connection method of the injector must be compatible with the cylinder head structure of the engine. Different engine cylinder heads may have different injector mounting hole sizes, injector fixing methods, and fuel line connection forms. When selecting an injector, ensure that it can be accurately installed on the engine and that the fuel line connection is tight and leak-free to ensure the normal operation of the injector and the accuracy of fuel injection.

Cost and reliability
Cost: Cost is also an important consideration under the premise of meeting the engine emission optimization requirements and performance indicators. Generally speaking, high-end injector technology, such as injectors with precise electronic control and complex spray characteristics, is relatively expensive. For some cost-sensitive application areas, such as small agricultural machinery and low-end commercial vehicles, cost-effective injectors can be selected on the basis of ensuring that emissions meet standards. For example, some domestic injector brands can meet basic emission requirements in terms of performance, while the price is relatively low, which is suitable for cost-constrained markets.

Reliability: As a key component of the engine, the reliability of the injector directly affects the operating stability and service life of the engine. You should choose fuel injector products with a good reputation and quality assurance. The key components such as the fuel injector nozzle and solenoid valve should be made of high-quality materials and advanced manufacturing processes to ensure that the fuel injection characteristics can be maintained during long-term use, and reduce the occurrence of emission deterioration and engine performance degradation caused by fuel injector failure. For example, fuel injectors from well-known brands such as Bosch and Denso have been verified by a large number of actual applications and have high reliability and stability.